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An African proverb admonishes us that: "Each time the rhythm of the drum beats improvements, it's essential to change the dance motion appropriately." https://www.3ecpa.com.sg

It can be no longer privileged information that Details and Communication Technology has introduced the whole world into what on earth is now often called the e-planet-indicating Digital world. Nowadays Governments the planet over are somersaulting to reinvent and re-engineer governance to be able to be more practical, effective and clear inside the provision of knowledge, merchandise and expert services to their citizens electronically.

Luckily Ghana has previously started out dancing on the tune in the technological songs mainly because govt has laid the foundation for e-government by setting up The federal government of Ghana Site popularly often called Ghana Portal which can be currently being managed by the data Companies Office from the Ministry of knowledge in Accra. Federal government has also proven the Ghana-India Kofi Anan IT Centre of Excellence and higher than all, Ghana has formulated an Information Communication Technological innovation framework for accelerated development, currently being spearheaded by the Ministry of Communications.

However, In relation to the practicability, accessibility and usefulness of e-authorities expert services by citizens, Ghana still has some mountains to climb and some rivers and lagoons to battle through. It is against this backdrop this author deems it pertinent to share the Singapore e-governing administration knowledge with fellow Ghanaians. But, even ahead of shedding some gentle on e-govt strategies and implementations in Singapore, it could be needed to clarify what e-govt is in the first place.

On Saturday July 31 this calendar year, at the Johannesburg Airport in South Africa, this author found a bunch of Ghanaians on their way to Zimbabwe to take part in the book good in that state. Then in the chart with one of these, where it had been unveiled that I was on my way from Singapore the place I underwent a brief coaching system in e-government, my interlocutor exclaimed:

'Eeeee-Govt!' "What is the fact that animal, also?" he practically shouted unconsciously.

To be a matter of actuality, my Pal confessed that, he was hearing for The 1st time the expression e-federal government. Later on when we parted business and he went to Zimbabwe and I was airborne to Ghana, I begun debating with my interior self: "If this gentleman, nicely-educated, living in the cash metropolis of Accra, taking part in a world celebration for instance a guide honest, hasn't still heard about the term e-government until finally then, then what takes place to nearly all of uneducated and fewer fortunate brothers and sisters dwelling in deprived rural communities in the state?

Mainly because we live in a environment of information Management (KM) and Encounter Sharing, I can not claim to get a professional With this discipline, even so the very little I find out about e-federal government have to be shared with Other people for the advantage of all who care to know; to the advancement of mankind also to the glory from the Divine Intelligence or the primary Giver of data by itself.

The query is: Exactly what is E-governing administration? The United Nations defines e-Government as "Long lasting motivation by authorities to boost the relationship between the private citizen and the general public sector as a result of enhanced, cost-productive and efficient shipping of providers, data and awareness." It went more to clarify there are five classes of measuring a rustic's "e-gov" progress in terms of Web Presence. This features: Emerging - Increased - Interactive - Transactional and Fully Built-in. All UN member states have been named upon and encouraged to embark on this e-federal government project and programme.

Accordingly the entire world body provides a strategy for assessing the development of each place In this particular regard. Significantly within the UN Report for this 12 months on e-govt globally, Singapore, a little Island City State of Land- Area of 697.1sq km with a population of four.185 million souls is sharing the 2nd posture While using the mighty United states of america of America with Canada comfortably sitting along with all.

How did Singapore help it become to the very best of e-govt league table of the world? What procedures and policies were being place in place; when And just how did that region obtain this kind of technological feat above and earlier mentioned the Tremendous powers of this planet of economic inequalities?

Computerisation

Singapore set off on its e-government journey way back to about twenty five years in the past. In 1981, Singapore embarked upon a computerization programme of The federal government equipment. It to start with recognized a Nationwide Laptop or computer Board and National Computerisation Prepare. The Strategy was to guarantee a scientific growth of community IT marketplace; Progress of IT manpower pool; Civil Support Computerisation Approach and also the manufacture of 850 IT Pros.

Countrywide IT Program

After the Computerisation programme, the Singapore authorities embarked upon what was generally known as the Countrywide IT Program. The Nationwide IT Approach initiated what was often known as the Beginnings of Computing Communications Convergence. In addition, it constituted what was dubbed Digital Info Interchange (EDI), which was fundamentally geared toward bridging Govt and sector. This strategy came about in 1986 which is five years or so after the Computerisation Programme.

IT 2000 Blueprint for Intelligence Island

This Blueprint system that also started over five years following the

National IT System in 1992 was to influence what was named Flagship Initiatives to the Singapore Island. It experienced the objectives to produce an Digital community linking all libraries in that region; secure infrastructure for e-commerce; Pro system for checking all building programs within the nation and over all to ascertain Singapore One particular, that's, to create just one network for everybody in Singapore. It was this technique that shot Singapore up towards the posture of the globe's first nationwide broadband infrastructure nation from the e-globe.

Infocomm 2001

The next action Singapore took, after attaining a nationwide broadband infrastructure, was to start what was dubbed Infocomm 2001. This venture was released in year 2000 and aimed at producing Singapore into a lively and dynamic global information interaction cash, which has a thriving and prosperous e-Economic system, in addition to a pervasive and "Infocomm-savvy" e-Society and total telecom liberalisation in that region.

Related Singapore

In 2003, Singapore federal government released the final onslaughts on its e-authorities programme by setting up what was only often called Connected Singapore. This tactic was to unleash the possible for the full realization of all e-governing administration opportunities through the Data comm challenge in the region.

Briefly, the preceding measures identified in Singapore as being the 5 (5) National Strategic ICT Programs give us an summary of the strategy Singapore adopted to be the 2nd e-Nation from the e-Environment nowadays at the rear of Canada. The Singapore federal government contains a philosophy that: "What ever expert services which might be sent electronically need to be delivered electronically" Interval.

A different African proverb reminds us that, "If your tormentor that's running When you won't end, you, also, have to not stop operating." Provided that Ghana continues to be a creating country, Ghanaians will have to not halt preventing to produce and progress.

In the primary Section of this information the definition of e-Federal government in accordance with the United Nations was presented. Singapore federal government utilised the UN definition of e-Governing administration being a guideline, but simplified it for simple comprehending by everyday human being in the road.

In accordance with Singapore, e-Authorities is the use of technological innovation to

improve the use of and delivery of presidency solutions to learn citizens and corporations. It identified that the beneficiaries of e- Govt include The federal government itself, corporations and the citizens of the country worried.

How did the Singapore Federal government use technologies to boost usage of and shipping of government info and expert services towards the people today? E-Authorities Action Prepare II (2003-2006) In an effort to obtain its stated objectives the Singapore governing administration formulated an action plan referred to as e-Authorities Motion System II to the year 2003 to 2006.The vision of the Government was for being a leading e- Governing administration to raised provide the country during the electronic economic climate.

The objective of this Plan was to be sure "a Networked Federal government

that delivers obtainable, integrated, value-additional e-companies to our customers; and helps carry citizens closer jointly". A slogan was made Therefore: e-Government- Delighting Consumers, Connecting Citizens.

What exactly are a number of the companies the Singapore Governing administration offers for its shoppers who are the citizens in the region? Even ahead of we contact on many of the expert services delivered on the net, Lets learn why Singapore govt came to the realization the beneficiaries of e-Federal government include things like Governing administration, companies and citizens?

It is vital to notice that in the scope of e-Authorities, there are various groups that healthy to the wide definition of e-Governing administration. By way of example, e-Federal government constitutes: A Govt- to-Citizens (G2C); B- Authorities-to-Enterprise (G2B); C- Governing administration-to-Employees (G2E); and sooner or later D-Govt to- Governing administration (G2G).

G2C: Authorities-to-Citizens, Based on authorities, contains all of the interactions amongst a govt and its citizens that can happen electronically. The objective of G2C is to offer citizens speedier, far more responsive, additional easy and less challenging means to community products and services.

G2B: In the situation of Government-to-Business enterprise, it refers to e-commerce in which government sells to enterprises or delivers them with solutions, and also companies promoting services to government. Again the target of G2B is to enable businesses to interact, transact and communicate with authorities on line, with increased speed and advantage.

G2E: Govt-to-Staff members features activities and companies among authorities models as well as their staff members. As the term implies, the target of G2E would be to create and cultivate IT abilities amid federal government employees to provide effective and price-powerful expert services.

G2G: Apparently, Governing administration-to-Federal government seems to have dual significance. 1, G2G is alleged to consist of routines among government together with other Ministries, Departments and Businesses (MDAs) of the same governing administration.

The other indicating of G2G is actually a situation where Governments have to manage their other counterpart governments of various international locations. This next G2G while in the impression of experts is anchored on trust and interdependence, which permits details sharing among governments on regional, sub-regional and Worldwide problems.

Such as, the Charge of terrorism; the administration of cross border health conditions like SARS, which transpired in Asia a while back or perhaps HIV/AIDS. This G2G also needs to do with common financial difficulties as well as ethnic wars and conflicts challenges going through West African States For example. For Singapore govt to realize the enviable e-Authorities standing through helpful on-line expert services shipping and delivery to its citizens, sure approaches had been all over again adopted:

I) E-Authorities Infrastructure

The federal government put set up a Nationwide Facts Infrastructure as spine for e-government solutions delivery. This tactic was christened Public Provider Infrastructure (PSI) in Singapore.

Bodily Infrastructure

Federal government alone presented Internet access details in practical destinations such as public libraries, browsing malls, govt offices, hospitals, subway stations and golf equipment and pertinent public spots for that citizens to use totally free.

Technologies Infrastructure

In this article, the Government presented personal computers, servers, networks (broadband and wi-fi), cell equipment, intelligent cards in addition to technological innovation requirements which can be open up and scalable for instance Java, XML, Website expert services.

Authentication Infrastructure

Below this The federal government presented E-Government ID and Password for all its citizens. It made it a lot easier for quite citizen to know how to log online and obtain Authorities information and facts and expert services.

II) E-Federal government Laws &Plan

Getting place in place the necessary infrastructure for the e-governing administration expert services to your citizens, the subsequent tactic the Singapore govt adopted was the enactment of related principles and restrictions and guidelines that govern the implementation on the programme.

A few of the big laws had been intended to safeguard privacy and knowledge safety; data safety, information privacy, Laptop misuse, authorized recognition of Digital transactions, Formal Charge of cryptography, protection audits and nicely as standards and certification of safety techniques. Singapore's laws and code of follow involve Laptop or computer Misuse Act; Digital Transaction Act, which was enacted in 1998, tried to define the rights and obligations of transaction functions, and in addition offered authorized standing on the use of electronic information and signature. The federal government also provided knowledge Security Code.

III) E-Government Expert services

Soon after setting up ICT infrastructure and legislation and policy the government then made an internet site termed E-Citizen Portal. This Site was to allow citizens to inquire issues and receive responses. Particular Digital companies deliveries are presented on This website.

A lot of the expert services on this Web page incorporate payment of taxes and fines; Issuance and renewal of driver's licenses; Encouraging citizens come across work; Countrywide campaigns and consciousness creation on social providers these kinds of wellness and education and learning; Introduction of World-wide-web and IT coaching programs; e-Understanding and smart card in colleges. So Laptop or computer literacy started off right from the primary college in Singapore etcetera.

During the bad and rural communities, the government delivered cost-free computers and Access to the internet points and posted officers who know how to work the equipment to assist the illiterates to take advantage of the web services.

In actual fact, in Singapore registration of company in singapore right now some solutions such as issuing of Passports and Start Certificates, You need to sit inside the comfort of your home and fill the required forms and e-mail them to the suitable authorities. Governing administration will reward you for getting the services on line. Apparently in case you go Individually to Those people workplaces to the providers, you can pay penalty for heading there personally. And after paying the penalty you're going to be directed to go and use a pc in a corner

there inside the office nevertheless to apply for the files you desired.

In the situation of Businesses, E-Tender was released in that any corporation that wished to bid for government contracts can only do that by way of the net. Company taxes could only be submitted electronically. Yearly Reports and periodic company studies are all introduced on the internet. As in the case of E-Citizens Portal, There is certainly also one particular-halt Portal for all govt procurement chances with

above eight,000 investing partners. It is actually on this Portal that every one corporate bodies do business with The federal government in Singapore. This is named built-in e- Products and services.

This is actually the standard of E-Authorities Services in Singapore. Could it be any question that they are the 2nd e-nation immediately after Canada while in the e-environment? Ghana, far too, can perform precisely the same It doesn't matter how prolonged it will take. What is significant is to the Ghanaian IT authorities to give the right technological suggestions to The federal government of Ghana.

An African proverb admonishes us that: "Anytime the rhythm on the drum beats adjustments, you will need to change the dance motion appropriately." https://www.3ecpa.com.sg

It really is not privileged understanding that Information and Conversation Technologies has launched the whole globe into what is now referred to as the e-earth-that means Digital planet. Now Governments the whole world in excess of are somersaulting to reinvent and re-engineer governance in order to be simpler, economical and transparent inside the provision of information, products and companies for their citizens electronically.

Fortuitously Ghana has presently started dancing for the tune from the technological music for the reason that federal government has laid the inspiration for e-government by setting up the government of Ghana website commonly known as Ghana Portal which is being managed by the data Solutions Section with the Ministry of data in Accra. Govt has also proven the Ghana-India Kofi Anan IT Centre of Excellence and above all, Ghana has formulated an Facts Communication Technological know-how framework for accelerated enhancement, being spearheaded from the Ministry of Communications.

However, when it comes to the practicability, accessibility and value of e-federal government expert services by citizens, Ghana nonetheless has some mountains to climb and many rivers and lagoons to struggle through. It truly is in opposition to this backdrop this author deems it suitable to share the Singapore e-govt expertise with fellow Ghanaians. But, even just before shedding some gentle on e-govt methods and implementations in Singapore, it may be necessary to describe what e-governing administration is to start with.

On Saturday July 31 this year, with the Johannesburg Airport in South Africa, this author stumbled on a bunch of Ghanaians on their own solution to Zimbabwe To participate in the reserve good in that country. Then in the chart with one of them, in which it absolutely was uncovered that I was on my way from Singapore the place I underwent a short training study course in e-governing administration, my interlocutor exclaimed:

'Eeeee-Governing administration!' "What is always that animal, as well?" he nearly shouted unconsciously.

As being a subject of actuality, my friend confessed that, he was hearing for the first time the expression e-authorities. Later whenever we parted business and he went to Zimbabwe and I was airborne to Ghana, I started off debating with my internal self: "If this man, effectively-educated, residing in the funds metropolis of Accra, taking part in an international event like a e book fair, hasn't nevertheless heard about the phrase e-govt right until then, then what transpires to nearly all uneducated and fewer privileged brothers and sisters dwelling in registration of company in singapore deprived rural communities of your place?

Mainly because we live in a very environment of Knowledge Management (KM) and Encounter Sharing, I can't assert to generally be a specialist in this area, but the little I know about e-federal government should be shared with others for the benefit of all who treatment to know; for your improvement of mankind also to the glory of the Divine Intelligence or the initial Giver of data by itself.

The dilemma is: What's E-governing administration? The United Nations defines e-Government as "Everlasting commitment by governing administration to boost the connection between the non-public citizen and the public sector by way of enhanced, Price tag-helpful and successful supply of expert services, facts and expertise." It went further more to explain there are 5 types of measuring a rustic's "e-gov" development when it comes to Internet Presence. This features: Rising - Increased - Interactive - Transactional and Absolutely Built-in. All UN member states are termed on and inspired to embark on this e-authorities task and programme.

Appropriately the planet physique has a method of examining the progress of every country in this regard. Appreciably in the UN Report for this calendar year on e-government globally, Singapore, a small Island Metropolis Condition of Land- Space of 697.1sq km having a population of 4.185 million souls is sharing the 2nd situation While using the mighty U . s . of The usa with Canada easily sitting on top of all.

How did Singapore allow it to be to the best of e-authorities league desk of the entire world? What procedures and guidelines were being put in position; when And the way did that state attain this type of technological feat more than and above the super powers of this World of financial inequalities?

Computerisation

Singapore established off on its e-authorities journey way back to about twenty five several years ago. In 1981, Singapore embarked upon a computerization programme of The federal government machinery. It very first proven a Nationwide Personal computer Board and National Computerisation Program. The Strategy was to guarantee a scientific expansion of area IT marketplace; Development of IT manpower pool; Civil Services Computerisation Approach as well as the manufacture of 850 IT Gurus.

Countrywide IT Prepare

Once the Computerisation programme, the Singapore govt embarked upon what was generally known as the Nationwide IT Program. The Countrywide IT Strategy initiated what was called the Beginnings of Computing Communications Convergence. It also constituted what was dubbed Electronic Facts Interchange (EDI), which was generally aimed toward bridging Govt and field. This approach came about in 1986 that is five years or so once the Computerisation Programme.

IT 2000 Blueprint for Intelligence Island

This Blueprint method that also began around five years after the

Nationwide IT Plan in 1992 was to influence what was referred to as Flagship Tasks on the Singapore Island. It experienced the goals to produce an Digital community linking all libraries in that place; protected infrastructure for e-commerce; Pro technique for examining all developing designs within the nation and above all to ascertain Singapore A single, that may be, to produce just one community for everybody in Singapore. It had been this approach that shot Singapore up on the position of the whole world's very first nationwide broadband infrastructure country from the e-entire world.

Infocomm 2001

The next move Singapore took, following attaining a nationwide broadband infrastructure, was to launch what was dubbed Infocomm 2001. This venture was launched in year 2000 and aimed toward building Singapore right into a vibrant and dynamic world-wide information and facts communication money, by using a flourishing and prosperous e-Financial state, and a pervasive and "Infocomm-savvy" e-Modern society and whole telecom liberalisation in that country.

Linked Singapore

In 2003, Singapore authorities released the ultimate onslaughts on its e-governing administration programme by establishing what was merely often known as Linked Singapore. This system was to unleash the opportunity for the entire realization of all e-authorities possibilities through the Info comm challenge in the nation.

Briefly, the preceding steps recognized in Singapore since the five (five) Nationwide Strategic ICT Ideas give us an outline of the method Singapore adopted to become the 2nd e-Country during the e-Environment now powering Canada. The Singapore governing administration features a philosophy that: "No matter what solutions which might be delivered electronically have to be delivered electronically" Time period.

One more African proverb reminds us that, "When your tormentor that's operating Once you won't prevent, you, way too, need to not quit functioning." So long as Ghana continues to be a acquiring nation, Ghanaians need to not prevent battling to acquire and progress.

In the first Element of this informative article the definition of e-Authorities based on the United Nations was supplied. Singapore governing administration utilised the UN definition of e-Government like a manual, but simplified it for simple understanding by ordinary individual in the road.

In line with Singapore, e-Governing administration is the use of technologies to

boost the access to and shipping of presidency services to benefit citizens and businesses. It pointed out that the beneficiaries of e- Governing administration involve the government alone, enterprises as well as the citizens with the country involved.

How did the Singapore Govt use engineering to improve entry to and shipping and delivery of presidency information and providers to the persons? E-Federal government Action System II (2003-2006) In order to realize its said aims the Singapore governing administration formulated an action approach known as e-Federal government Action Prepare II to the yr 2003 to 2006.The eyesight of The federal government was being a leading e- Govt to raised provide the nation within the electronic economic climate.

The objective of the System was to be sure "a Networked Govt

that delivers available, built-in, benefit-added e-expert services to our buyers; and assists bring citizens nearer with each other". A slogan was developed Hence: e-Government- Delighting Clients, Connecting Citizens.

What are a lot of the solutions that the Singapore Government delivers for its prospects who will be the citizens of your nation? Even in advance of we contact on some of the solutions furnished online, Lets learn why Singapore federal government arrived on the realization which the beneficiaries of e-Federal government include Governing administration, companies and citizens?

It is vital to note that within the scope of e-Authorities, there are various groups that match in to the broad definition of e-Government. By way of example, e-Federal government constitutes: A Authorities- to-Citizens (G2C); B- Government-to-Business (G2B); C- Federal government-to-Workforce (G2E); and finally D-Federal government to- Government (G2G).

G2C: Federal government-to-Citizens, according to professionals, contains the many interactions involving a governing administration and its citizens that could happen electronically. The objective of G2C is to supply citizens faster, a lot more responsive, extra handy and fewer intricate signifies to community services.

G2B: In the situation of presidency-to-Company, it refers to e-commerce through which federal government sells to businesses or provides them with providers, along with businesses selling services to govt. All over again the target of G2B is always to empower corporations to interact, transact and talk to governing administration on the web, with larger velocity and usefulness.

G2E: Federal government-to-Personnel includes actions and expert services among govt units and their workers. Since the time period indicates, the target of G2E should be to produce and cultivate IT abilities amid government personnel to deliver successful and cost-powerful providers.

G2G: Apparently, Government-to-Government appears to have twin significance. Just one, G2G is alleged to include activities concerning governing administration together with other Ministries, Departments and Businesses (MDAs) of a similar federal government.

The opposite indicating of G2G is actually a circumstance where Governments have to cope with their other counterpart governments of various international locations. This next G2G inside the opinion of authorities is anchored on believe in and interdependence, which allows for facts sharing amongst governments on regional, sub-regional and Global challenges.

Such as, the control of terrorism; the administration of cross border ailments like SARS, which transpired in Asia a while in the past or simply HIV/AIDS. This G2G also needs to do with prevalent economic troubles and ethnic wars and conflicts challenges facing West African States for instance. For Singapore govt to achieve the enviable e-Governing administration status by way of successful on-line providers supply to its citizens, particular methods had been yet again adopted:

I) E-Federal government Infrastructure

The government set in position a Countrywide Facts Infrastructure as spine for e-govt solutions delivery. This tactic was christened General public Company Infrastructure (PSI) in Singapore.

Physical Infrastructure

Government alone supplied Internet access factors in hassle-free places for example community libraries, purchasing malls, authorities workplaces, hospitals, subway stations and golf equipment and relevant public spots for your citizens to utilize totally free.

Technology Infrastructure

In this article, the Government offered computer systems, servers, networks (broadband and wireless), cell units, intelligent cards and technology expectations that happen to be open and scalable like Java, XML, World wide web companies.

Authentication Infrastructure

Underneath this The federal government furnished E-Federal government ID and Password for all its citizens. It built it much easier for extremely citizen to know how to log on the internet and accessibility Federal government details and expert services.

II) E-Governing administration Legislation &Policy

Acquiring place in position the required infrastructure with the e-federal government providers into the citizens, another strategy the Singapore govt adopted was the enactment of related regulations and restrictions and guidelines that govern the implementation with the programme.

Several of the important rules have been intended to safeguard privateness and knowledge protection; data protection, knowledge privateness, computer misuse, lawful recognition of Digital transactions, Formal Charge of cryptography, security audits and perfectly as criteria and certification of protection methods. Singapore's laws and code of apply incorporate Laptop or computer Misuse Act; Digital Transaction Act, which was enacted in 1998, made an effort to define the legal rights and obligations of transaction events, and likewise delivered lawful position on using electronic data and signature. The federal government also supplied info Protection Code.

III) E-Authorities Expert services

Immediately after setting up ICT infrastructure and laws and plan the government then designed an internet site named E-Citizen Portal. This Web page was to permit citizens to ask concerns and receive answers. Unique Digital expert services deliveries are provided on This web site.

A few of the products and services on this Web-site include things like payment of taxes and fines; Issuance and renewal of driver's licenses; Assisting citizens obtain work; Nationwide campaigns and consciousness generation on social providers these kinds of health and instruction; Introduction of Net and IT schooling courses; e-Mastering and wise card in faculties. So Laptop literacy started off right from the principal university in Singapore and so forth.

While in the inadequate and rural communities, The federal government delivered free of charge computer systems and Access to the internet details and posted officers who learn how to work the equipment to aid the illiterates to take pleasure in the net services.

In fact, in Singapore today some products and services like the issuing of Passports and Start Certificates, You need to sit within the convenience of your home and fill the mandatory sorts and e-mail them to the suitable authorities. Governing administration will reward you for getting the services on line. Apparently in the event you go Individually to Individuals workplaces for the providers, you can pay penalty for heading there personally. And after paying the penalty you will be directed to go and use a pc inside of a corner

there inside the Office environment still to make an application for the paperwork you required.

In the case of Businesses, E-Tender was introduced in that any business that desired to bid for presidency contracts can only do this via the net. Company taxes could only be submitted electronically. Annual Stories and periodic business stories are all presented on the web. As in the situation of E-Citizens Portal, there is also one particular-end Portal for all federal government procurement alternatives with

above 8,000 trading associates. It's on this Portal that each one corporate bodies do enterprise with The federal government in Singapore. This is called integrated e- Expert services.

Here is the amount of E-Government Services in Singapore. Is it any marvel that they are the 2nd e-country right after Canada inside the e-earth? Ghana, also, can perform the same Regardless of how lengthy it will take. What is essential is for that Ghanaian IT specialists to offer the right technological tips to the government of Ghana.